Tentang Probiotik dalam Budidaya Ikan: Manfaat, Aplikasi, dan Potensi di Aquaculture

Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Airlangga

Tentang Probiotik dalam Budidaya Ikan: Manfaat, Aplikasi, dan Potensi di Aquaculture

Probiotik berasal dari bahasa latin yaitu “pro” yang berarti untuk dan “bios” yang berarti hidup. Definisi probiotik pertama kali dikemukakan oleh Lilley and Stillwell (1965) yang menyatakan bahwa probiotik merupakan substansi yang dapat menstimulasi pertumbuhan mikroba lain. Parker (1974) menambahkan definisi probiotik sebagai organisme dan substansinya yang berperan dalam keseimbangan mikroba saluran pencernaan. Lebih lanjut, Fuller (1989) menyatakan bahwa probiotik merupakan suplemen pakan berupa mikroba hidup yang memiliki efek menguntungkan inangnya dengan meningkatkan keseimbangan mikroba saluran pencernaan. Pendapat lain oleh Gatesoupe (1999) mengemukakan bahwa probiotik merupakan mikroba yang dimasukkan ke dalam saluran pencernaan melalui berbagai cara dan menjaga agar mikroba tersebut dalam keadaan hidup untuk meningkatkan kesehatan inang. Definisi probiotik oleh Verschuere et al. (2000) yaitu mikroba hidup yang menguntungkan inangnya dengan cara memodifikasi mikroba dalam tubuh inangnya, meningkatkan kecernaan pakan, meningkatkan respon inang terhadap penyakit, memperbaiki kualitas air serta penghambatan bakteri patogen dalam lingkungan.

Mikroorganisme hidup yang dimaksudkan berasal dari golongan bakteri Gram-positif (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus), bakteri Gram-negatif (Pseudomonas, Vibrio), bakteriofag ((Myxoviridae, Podoviridae), mikroalga (Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornotum, Tetraselmis suecica), ragi/yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. exiguus, Yarrowia lipotyca, Debaryomyces hansenii), cendawan serta bagian tubuh mikroorganisme (lipopolisakarida dari Vibrio, spora Clostridium butyricum, glucan dari dinding yeast) (Flores 2011). Mikroorganisme tersebut bekerja dengan berbagai mekanisme diantaranya dengan menempel pada saluran cerna dan membentuk koloni, mengeluarkan zat inhibitor patogen dan mencegah kolonisasi patogen dengan kompetisi tempat dan nutrien (Zhou et al. 2010); penghambat patogen dengan menghasilkan zat antimikroba (antibiotik, protease, bacteriocins, lyzozyme, siderophore, dll.) (Hong et al. 2004); menghasilkan enzim yang dapat meningkatkan kecernaan pakan dan mempercepat pertumbuhan (Ayoola et al. 2013); merangsang sistem imun inang (Khalil et al. 2011, Reneshwary et al. 2011) serta memperbaiki kualitas air (Jha 2011).

Aplikasi probiotik dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa metode tergantung pada tujuan yang diinginkan antara lain melalui pencampuran pakan dan diaplikasikan langsung dalam kolam budidaya (Tuan et al. 2013). Probiotik yang dicampurkan dalam pakan dapat merangsang sistem imun dalam saluran pencernaan dan keseimbangan mikroba saluran pencernaan (Nayak 2010). Sedangkan aplikasi probiotik secara langsung dalam media pemeliharaan menghasilkan efek yang lebih cepat dibandingkan metode pemberian lain, meskipun kandungan bakteri probiotik didalamnya lebih sedikit (Sahu et al. 2008).

Referensi

Ayoola SO, Ajani EK, Fashae OF. 2013. Effect of probiotics (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) on growth performance and hematological profile of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences. 5 (1): 1-8.

Flores ML. 2011. The use of probiotic in aquaculture: an overview. International Research Journal of Microbiology. 2(12): 471-478.

Fuller, R.1989. Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteria 66, 365-378.

Gatesoupe, F.J. 1999. Review: The Use of Probiotics in Aquaculture. Aquaculture 180: 147-165.

Hong HA, Duc LH, Cutting SM. 2004. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. Federation of European Microbiological Sciences Microbiology Reviews 29: 813-835.

Jha AK. 2011. Probiotic technology: an effective means for bioremediation in shrimp farming ponds. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. 35 (2): 237-240.

Khalil RH, Saad TT, Elabd YM. 2011. Evaluation of immunomodulatory effect of some probiotics on cultured Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of the Arabian Aquaculture Society. 6(2): 135-154.

Lilley, D.M., and Stillwell, R.J.1965. Probiotics:growth promoting factors produced by micro-organisms. Science 147, 747-748.

Nayak SK. 2010. Probiotics and immunity: A fish perspective. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 29: 2-14.

Reneshwary C, Rajalakshmi M, Marimuthu K, Xavier R. 2011. Dietary administration of Bacillus thuringiensis on the cellular innate immune response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) against A. hydrophila. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 15: 53-60.

Sahu MK, Swarnakumar NS, Sivakumar K, Thangaradjou T, Kannan L. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: importance and future perspectives [review]. Indian Journal Microbiology. 48: 299-308.

Tuan TN, Duc PM, Hatai K. 2013. Overview of the use of probiotics in aquaculture. International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture. 3(3): 89-97.

Verschuere, L., Geert R, Patrick S., Willy R. 2000. Probiotic Bacteria as Biological Control Agents in Aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64(4): 655-671.

Zhou X, Wang Y, Yao J, Li W. 2010. Inhibition ability of probiotic, Lactobacillus lactis, againts A. hydrophila and study of its immunostimulatory effect in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). International Journal of Engineering, Science dan Technology. 2(7): 73-80.

Penulis
Muhammad Faizal Ulkhaq
(Prodi Akuakultur – PSDKU Banyuwangi)
Email: m-faizalulkhaq@fpk.unair.ac.id

★★★★★ 5/5

HYEGENE AND SANITATION
This course discusses the principles and implementation of hygiene and sanitation in the aquatic product processing industry, the role and benefits of hygiene and sanitation for food safety of aquatic products, hygiene and sanitation in supporting HACCP in aquatic products.
REFERENCES:
1	H. J. Green. 1934. Army Manual Of Hygiene and Sanitation. Government Primer. Melbourne
2	Hiasinta A.P. 2001. Sanitasi Higiene dan Keselamatan Kerja dalam Pengolahan Makanan.
3	Edward J.P., Julie V.R.S. 2000. Sanitation and Personal Hygiene Handbook. Wisconsin Departement of Public Instruction. Barbara Thompson, Ph.D., State Superintendent
4	Ign.Suharto. 1998. Sanitasi, Keamanan & Ketahanan Pangan dan Alat Industri Pangan dalam Sistem Rantai Pangan, Jilid 1. Bandung
5	Djoko Windu P. Irawan. 2016. Prinsip-prinsip Hygiene Sanitasi Makanan Minuman di Rumah Sakit. Forum Ilmiah Kesehatan (FORIKES). Ponorogo
6	PPKP. 2015. Modul Menerapkan Sanitasi dan Hiegiene Hasil Perikanan. Jakarta
7	Buckle, et al. 2009. Ilmu Pangan, Jakarta UI-Press
8	Fardiaz, S. 2000. Riset Mikrobiologi Pangan untuk Keamanan Pangan di Industri. Yayasan Srikandi untuk Kemanan Pangan. Bogor
9	BPOM. 2012. Petunjuk Meminimalkan Terbentuknya Cemaran Kimia Pada Pangan Siap Saji dan Pangan Industri Rumah Tangga Sebagai Pangan Jajanan Anak Sekolah. Jakarta
10	Gun W and Satu S. 2007. Microbial Contaminants and Contamination Routes in Food Industry. VTT Technical Research Center Of Finlandia.
11	Bruno S and Babacar S. 2000. Priciple Of Hygiene and Food Safety Management. Publication are the sole responsibility of PIP and COLEACP. European Union
12	John Holah. 2000. Food processing equipment Design and cleanability. The National Food Centre Dunsinea, Castleknock Dublin 15, Ireland
13	Fadi A and Kathryn D. 2011. Methods For developing New Food Products. DEStec Publications, Inc.
14	Theodoros V and Constantina T. 2016. Handbook of Food Processing Food Safety, Quality, and Manufacturing Processes. LLC
15	Claudio A., et.al. 2000. Sanitation Control Procedures for Processing Fish and Fishery Products
16	Alan Parker. 2007. Effective Cleaning and Sanitizing Procedures. University of Maryland and the Johnson Diversey Corporation
17	Bridget M. H. 2011. Managing Food Safety and Hygiene. Departement Of Sociology. London
18	Florida. 2011. Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance. IFAS – Extension Bookstore University of Florida

HIGIEN DAN SANITASI
Mata kuliah ini membahas tentang prinsip dan implementasi higienis dan sanitasi pada industri pengolahan produk akuatik, peran dan manfaat higien dan sanitasi bagi keamanan pangan dari produk akuatik higienis dan sanitasi dalam menunjang HACCP pada produk akuatik.
REFERENSI:
1	H. J. Green. 1934. Army Manual Of Hygiene and Sanitation. Government Primer. Melbourne
2	Hiasinta A.P. 2001. Sanitasi Higiene dan Keselamatan Kerja dalam Pengolahan Makanan.
3	Edward J.P., Julie V.R.S. 2000. Sanitation and Personal Hygiene Handbook. Wisconsin Departement of Public Instruction. Barbara Thompson, Ph.D., State Superintendent
4	Ign.Suharto. 1998. Sanitasi, Keamanan & Ketahanan Pangan dan Alat Industri Pangan dalam Sistem Rantai Pangan, Jilid 1. Bandung
5	Djoko Windu P. Irawan. 2016. Prinsip-prinsip Hygiene Sanitasi Makanan Minuman di Rumah Sakit. Forum Ilmiah Kesehatan (FORIKES). Ponorogo
6	PPKP. 2015. Modul Menerapkan Sanitasi dan Hiegiene Hasil Perikanan. Jakarta
7	Buckle, et al. 2009. Ilmu Pangan, Jakarta UI-Press
8	Fardiaz, S. 2000. Riset Mikrobiologi Pangan untuk Keamanan Pangan di Industri. Yayasan Srikandi untuk Kemanan Pangan. Bogor
9	BPOM. 2012. Petunjuk Meminimalkan Terbentuknya Cemaran Kimia Pada Pangan Siap Saji dan Pangan Industri Rumah Tangga Sebagai Pangan Jajanan Anak Sekolah. Jakarta
10	Gun W and Satu S. 2007. Microbial Contaminants and Contamination Routes in Food Industry. VTT Technical Research Center Of Finlandia.
11	Bruno S and Babacar S. 2000. Priciple Of Hygiene and Food Safety Management. Publication are the sole responsibility of PIP and COLEACP. European Union
12	John Holah. 2000. Food processing equipment Design and cleanability. The National Food Centre Dunsinea, Castleknock Dublin 15, Ireland
13	Fadi A and Kathryn D. 2011. Methods For developing New Food Products. DEStec Publications, Inc.
14	Theodoros V and Constantina T. 2016. Handbook of Food Processing Food Safety, Quality, and Manufacturing Processes. LLC
15	Claudio A., et.al. 2000. Sanitation Control Procedures for Processing Fish and Fishery Products
16	Alan Parker. 2007. Effective Cleaning and Sanitizing Procedures. University of Maryland and the Johnson Diversey Corporation
17	Bridget M. H. 2011. Managing Food Safety and Hygiene. Departement Of Sociology. London
18	Florida. 2011. Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance. IFAS – Extension Bookstore University of Florida

MIKROBIOLOGI PRODUK AKUATIK
Mata kuliah ini membahas tentang prinsip dan implementasi mikrobiologi dalam produk akuatik yang terdiri atas mikrobia patogen, mikrobia pembusuk, metode perhitungan, dan aplikasi predictive microbiology.
REFERENSI:
1	Ray, B. and Bhunia, A., 2013. Fundamental food microbiology. CRC press.
2	Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K. and Smith, J.L. eds., 2005. Foodborne pathogens: microbiology and molecular biology. Horizon Scientific Press.
3	Doyle, M.P. and Buchanan, R.L. eds., 2012. Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers. American Society for Microbiology Press.
4	Lacroix, C. ed., 2010. Protective cultures, antimicrobial metabolites and bacteriophages for food and beverage biopreservation. Elsevier.
5	Perez-Rodriguez, F. and Valero, A., 2013. Predictive microbiology in foods. In Predictive microbiology in foods (pp. 1-10). Springer, New York, NY

AQUATIC FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
This course discusses the principles and implementation of microbiology in aquatic products consisting of pathogenic microbes, spoilage microbes, calculation methods, and predictive microbiology applications.
REFERENCES:
1	Ray, B. and Bhunia, A., 2013. Fundamental food microbiology. CRC press.
2	Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K. and Smith, J.L. eds., 2005. Foodborne pathogens: microbiology and molecular biology. Horizon Scientific Press.
3	Doyle, M.P. and Buchanan, R.L. eds., 2012. Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers. American Society for Microbiology Press.
4	Lacroix, C. ed., 2010. Protective cultures, antimicrobial metabolites and bacteriophages for food and beverage biopreservation. Elsevier.
5	Perez-Rodriguez, F. and Valero, A., 2013. Predictive microbiology in foods. In Predictive microbiology in foods (pp. 1-10). Springer, New York, NY

AQUATIC PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
This course discusses technology to develop aquatic product processing both food and non-food, increasing added-value of products, cosmetics, biomaterials, and energy production from aquatic products.
REFERENCES:
1	Carole R. Engle, Kwamena K. Quagrainie, Madan M. Dey. 2016. Seafood and Aquaculture Marketing Handbook 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell
2	Gavin B. G. Allan. 2009. New Technologies in Aquaculture 1st Edition. Woodhead Publishing
3	John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate. 2012. Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell
4	Kwamena K. Quagrainie. 2014. The Market for Aquaculture Products: Market Efficiency and Global Competitiveness 1st Edition. Routledge

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Tentang Probiotik dalam Budidaya Ikan: Manfaat, Aplikasi, dan Potensi di Aquaculture

Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Airlangga

Tentang Probiotik dalam Budidaya Ikan: Manfaat, Aplikasi, dan Potensi di Aquaculture

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EKOTOKSIKOLOGI AKUATIK
Mata kuliah ini membahas tentang aplikasi toksikologi dalam produk akuatik yang terdiri atas: kerja dan efektoksik, biotransformasi, deteksi, metode pengujian, dan metode pencegahan intoksikasi.
REFERENSI:
1	Donald W. S. 2017. Basics of Ecotoxicology. CRC Press.
2	Gerassimos A, Nadezhda G, Philippe B. 2006. Ecotoxicology, Ecological Risk Assessment and Multiple Stressors. Springer Netherlands
3	Ian S, Chadwick J. 1998. Principles of Environmental Toxicology. CRC Press.
4	Julián B., Peter C., Olivia C., Miriam H. 2016. Marine Ecotoxicology 1st Edition. Academic Press
5	Michael C. Newman .2007. Quantitative Ecotoxicology. CRC Press
6	Michael C. N, William H. Clements. 2007. Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment. CRC Press

AQUATIC ECOTOXICOLOGY
This course provide studen with the understanding of absorption, accumulation, distribution, and excretion of toxins; xenobiotic biotransformation, determination, enzyme activity, the concept of induction, acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity, and their relationship with aquatic organisms.
REFERENCES:
1	Donald W. S. 2017. Basics of Ecotoxicology. CRC Press.
2	Gerassimos A, Nadezhda G, Philippe B. 2006. Ecotoxicology, Ecological Risk Assessment and Multiple Stressors. Springer Netherlands
3	Ian S, Chadwick J. 1998. Principles of Environmental Toxicology. CRC Press.
4	Julián B., Peter C., Olivia C., Miriam H. 2016. Marine Ecotoxicology 1st Edition. Academic Press
5	Michael C. Newman .2007. Quantitative Ecotoxicology. CRC Press
6	Michael C. N, William H. Clements. 2007. Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment. CRC Press

BIOMONITORING OF ACQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
This course provide students with the understanding of the aquatic environment, signals of changes in the aquatic environment, models of monitoring in aquatic environments, the use of biological aquatic organisms as indicators in monitoring the aquatic environment.
REFERENCES:
1	Zimmer et. al. 1997. Biomonitoring in the water environment. Water Environment Federation. Alexandria. USA.
2	Philllips DJH and Rainbow PS.1993. Biomonitoring of Trace Aquatic Contaminants. Springer Netherlands
3	Rosenberg DM and Resh VH. 1993. Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Springer US
4	Sarker MJ, Tanmay MH, Rahman F, Patwary MSA, Rima NN. 2016. Macrobenthic Community Structure as A Bio-Indicator for the Assessment of Coastal Water Pollution In Greater Noakhali-Bangladesh. Journal of Coastal Management, 19 (2).
5	Fierro, P, Valdovinos, C, Vargas-Chacoff, L, Bertrán, C, Arismendi, I. 2017. Macroinvertebrates and Fishes as Bioindicators of Stream Water Pollution. InTech
6	Suthers M and Rissik D (Editor). 2009. Plankton: A Guide to their Ecology and Monitoring for Water Quality 1st Edition. CSIRO Publishing

BIOMONITORING LINGKUNGAN AKUATIK
Mata kuliah ini membahas tentang Pemahaman mengenai lingkungan akuatik, signal perubahan lingkungan akuatik, model monitoring lingkungan akuatik, pemanfaatan biologi organisme akuatik sebagai indikator dalam monitoring lingkungan akuatik.
REFERENSI:
1	Zimmer et. al. 1997. Biomonitoring in the water environment. Water Environment Federation. Alexandria. USA.
2	Philllips DJH and Rainbow PS.1993. Biomonitoring of Trace Aquatic Contaminants. Springer Netherlands
3	Rosenberg DM and Resh VH. 1993. Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Springer US
4	Sarker MJ, Tanmay MH, Rahman F, Patwary MSA, Rima NN. 2016. Macrobenthic Community Structure as A Bio-Indicator for the Assessment of Coastal Water Pollution In Greater Noakhali-Bangladesh. Journal of Coastal Management, 19 (2).
5	Fierro, P, Valdovinos, C, Vargas-Chacoff, L, Bertrán, C, Arismendi, I. 2017. Macroinvertebrates and Fishes as Bioindicators of Stream Water Pollution. InTech
6	Suthers M and Rissik D (Editor). 2009. Plankton: A Guide to their Ecology and Monitoring for Water Quality 1st Edition. CSIRO Publishing